Chapter 9 Integrity

Aims:

ü  acknowledge the ideas of others

ü  know when to cite

ü  know whether to quote or paraphrase

ü  use citing and referencing techniques

ü  understand plagiarism better

ü  avoid plagiarism

Review of the previous chapters. 

Part One: Self-evaluation 

Let Ss read the list of statements and circle the answer according to their condition.

ü  I know what citing and referencing are and why they are important. 

ü  I know the difference between information that is common knowledge and information that needs a citation. 

ü  I know the difference between a quote and a paraphrase. 

ü  I know when to quote and when to paraphrase. 

ü  I am aware of the reason why plagiarism needs to be avoided and of techniques to avoid it. 

ü  I feel confident about using citation formats. 

Part Two：On Writing and Discussing in Group

On Question Discussion

What is your understanding of the academic principle of integrity? 

On Writing 

1.       The academic principle of integrity

ü  Integrity is about honesty. 

ü  Being honest about the extent of your own contributions. 

2.       Citing and referencing

ü  Citing is mentioning a source in your essay, such as an article or book, especially as an example or proof of what you are saying. 

ü  The ideas of others are treated as intellectual property: they are owned by the people who expressed them first in that way. 

ü  Citing can be done through quoting or paraphrasing. 

ü  Quoting is repeating what someone has said in exactly the same words. 

ü  Paraphrasing is expressing what someone has said in a different way. 

ü  Referencing refers to the list of references you have to provide at the end of the essay, i.e., the details of the sources that have been used. 

3.       Acknowledging the ideas of others

ü  Some types of common knowledge (no need to cite)

ü  The following situations to be cited: 

ü  When you would not have been aware of the information without a source. 

ü  When others are unlikely to accept what you say without evidence from a source. 

ü  When you have used a source in which the author presented common knowledge in a more personal way. 

4.       Quote or paraphrase?

ü  Paraphrases allow you to demonstrate more academic skills and are valued more highly. 

ü  Half of your essay could consist of paraphrase. 

ü  Quotes are not as common in academic writing so you should not quote often. 

ü  However, there are occasions when it is better to quote, e.g. when you want to include in your essay definitions, strong statements or ideas that were expressed by others in an original or authoritative way. 

5.       Avoiding plagiarism

ü  Plagiarism can be described as academic theft, where scholars use the ideas of others without saying so. 

ü  Accidental plagiarism can happen because of a lack of proofreading, so it is important that you leave yourself enough time to check your work. 

ü  Deliberate plagiarism can be caused by a lack of confidence, e.g. where the writer feels they can never be as good as the authors whose ideas and words he or she used. 

ü  There is no excuse for plagiarism. 

ü  Plagiarism is not just about academic integrity; it is also connected to the principle of academic accuracy.

6.       Just a few reasons to avoid plagiarism

ü  It is a form of theft. 

ü  It is cheating, so it is wrong.

ü  You are wasting your time as you are not learning how to write like scholar or developing your knowledge. 

ü  You are wasting your tutor’s time as they are not reading/giving feedback on your work. 

ü  It makes your grade worthless. 

ü  It is easily detectable and lead to serious consequences. 

ü  You will spend a lot of time worrying about being detected.

ü  If it does remain undetected, it hurts others because of unfairness, and yourself, because you will always know your grade is meaningless. 

7.       Other types of plagiarism

ü  Plagiarism is more than accidental or deliberate theft. 

ü  It can occur where a quote or paraphrase has been made up, or the ideas from the original text have been changed, perhaps to provide more evidence for the point that a student wants to make. 

ü  Deliberately misrepresenting a writer’s words is also considered plagiarism. 

ü  Another type of plagiarism occurs when students submit the same piece of writing twice, i.e. to get credit again for the same work. 

ü  Another issue to look out for in order to avoid plagiarizing is that your paraphrases do not contain too much text that is identical to the original text. 

8.       Following citation guidelines

ü  There are different citation systems

ü  Examples are Harvard, Vancouver, Chicago, APA and MLA. 

ü  Different departments within a university many have different guidelines. 

ü  Be cautious and careful when using citation software. 

ü  Citation conventions are important and you will need to pay attention to every detail, such as knowing where full stops go. 

9.       Citation formats

ü  When quoting or paraphrasing, the name of the author and the year of publication of the source can be given after the source information, between brackets. 

ü  The author’s name can also be used as the subject of the sentence.

ü  See more examples given in the following exercises. 

Part Three: Peer-review and Feedback

Work in group of 3 or 4 students, review each other’s writing task, and give feedback accordingly.

ü  If you are not sure whether an idea is common knowledge or not, cite it, just in case. 

ü  You should paraphrase rather than quote where possible. 

ü  There are many reasons why plagiarism is wrong and the penalties can be severe. 

ü  There is no excuse for plagiarism, not even accidental plagiarism. 

ü  You can also avoid plagiarism by following citation guidelines carefully. 

Part Four: Assignment

1. Glossary: integrity, synthesis, reference work, verify, invalidation, expulsion, accountable, tone, deliberate, convey, footnote.

2. Review the key points of the two chapters and finish all the exercises. 

3. Preview the next chapter, focusing on the key points (compulsory).