Weeks 13-14: Paraphrasing

Chapter 10 paraphrasing

Aims:

ü  use a technique to paraphrase accurately

ü  use paraphrases to show your own opinion

ü  integrate paraphrases grammatically

ü  use paraphrases to summarize

Part One: Self-evaluation 

Let Ss read the list of statements and circle the answer according to their condition.

ü  I know how to paraphrase correctly. 

ü  I know how to integrate paraphrases in my writing to show my opinion about the ideas in the paraphrase.

ü  I know whether to use present or past tenses when paraphrasing. 

ü  I know a variety of verbs that I can use to introduce the ideas of others.

ü  I know the difference in meaning between the verbs I use to introduce the ideas of others. 

ü  I know how to bring together the work of different authors in my paraphrases. 

Part Two：On Writing and Discussing in Group

On Question Discussion

What is your understanding of paraphrasing technique? 

On Writing 

1.       Paraphrasing technique

ü  A useful paraphrasing technique is the once consisting of six steps. 

1)       Decide how the ideas from the original text fit into your essay. 

2)       Read the original piece of text repeatedly, util you really understand its meaning. 

3)       Put the original text away. 

4)       Write down in note form, and in your own words, what the text says. 

5)       Compare your notes with the original:

²  Have you expressed the same meaning?

²  Have you used your own words?

6)       Integrate the information into your text so that your essay clarifies it and builds on it; use grammatical sentences that link the information to the text around it.

ü  Use them as the acronym ‘FRANCIS’. 

ü  Do not translate another language literally. 

2.       The importance of integration

ü  Quotations or paraphrases can never stand on their own- they always need to be linked to the sentences around them. 

ü  Study the examples of two extremes. 

ü  Introduce the paraphrases clearly and comment on their meaning afterwards, whenever possible. 

ü  More exercise showing how to integrate sentences.

3.       Showing where your point of view fits in

ü  When referring to the ideas of others, writers can show that they agree, disagree or are neutral about them. 

ü  It is very important that you understand the exact meaning of the verbs that are frequently used to report the research of others. 

4.       Integrating quotes and paraphrases grammatically

ü  Direct speech or indirect speech. 

ü  Direct speech- the exact words someone has said- is put in quotes. 

ü  If you decide to include a quote which covers four lines or more, then you need to set it apart visually. 

ü  Indirect speech, also referred to as reported speech, is used where we make changes to the words that were originally written, which is why we find it in paraphrases. 

ü  While choosing the appropriate verb of reference to show our opinion about what we are reporting, we also need to bear in mind that the choice of verb affects the grammatical pattern I the sentence. 

5.       Choosing the right tense

ü  The general rules about tense choices apply to Academic English.

ü  Learn to decide where to use the simple past, the simple present, the present perfect, etc.